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Statistics


 

Abstinence

To what extent has abstinence accounted for the drop in the U.S. teen pregnancy rate?

  • Based on calculations by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), it appears that increased abstinence among women accounted for approximately one-quarter of the drop in the US teen pregnancy rate between 1995 and 1998. 1

How many teens are choosing not to have sex?

  • Based on the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) data, over half (51.6%) of all students in grades 9 to 12 indicated that they had not yet had sex. 2

What is the main reason teenaged girls say they abstain from sex?

  • The primary reason teenaged girls who have never had intercourse give for abstaining from sex is that having sex would be against their religious or moral values. 3
Advances in Reproductive Health

Can oral contraceptive use decrease the likelihood of certain types of cancer?

  • Yes. When compared to women who have never used them, women who have used oral contraceptives for four years or less are 30% less likely to develop ovarian cancer; for 5-11 years, 60% less likely; and for 12 or more years, 80% less likely. 30

To what extent can emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) impact pregnancy rates?

  • When used correctly, ECPs could prevent up to 2.3 million unintended pregnancies and one million abortions per year in the US alone. 31

Are Americans aware of emergency contraceptive pills?

  • According to a 1997 survey of Americans, 66% of women and 51% of men were aware of ECPs, but only 1% of women had ever used them. 32

If vaccines for more sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were made available, would the public accept them?

  • In one sample of undergraduate students at a Midwestern university, 40% of respondents said they would be likely to get a vaccine for genital herpes. Forty-one percent said they were unsure, and 19% said they would not get the vaccine. 33

Could a vaccine for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) effectively reduce the incidence of cervical cancer ?

  • Theoretically, approximately 80% of cervical cancers could be prevented by a vaccine composed of the four types of HPV seen most frequently in cervical cancer. 34
Birth, Sex, and Pregnancy Rates

What are the current trends in teen pregnancy and birth rates?

  • Teen pregnancy and birth rates have been declining nationwide since the early 1990s. 1

  • In general, these declines are true in every state and for various subgroups of teens (e.g., based on age, marital status, race or ethnicity). 1

  • The teen pregnancy and birth rates in the United States remain among the highest in developed countries. 1

Why are teenage birth rates and pregnancy rates declining?

  • Birth rates are declining because teenage pregnancy rates are declining. 1

  • Pregnancy rates are affected by rates of sexual behavior and changes in contraceptive use. According to a recent report from the Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1 pregnancy rates are declining largely as a result of greater use of contraception. Lower rates of sexual activity among youth also have contributed to the decline in teenage pregnancy rates.

What factors contribute to teen pregnancy?
Many factors are associated with teen pregnancy. Some factors relate to the individual while others focus on the family structure and dynamics, the community environment or peer/partner attitudes and behaviors. First and foremost, however, teen pregnancy is a function of the early initiation of sex and having unprotected sex.

  • At each age, teens who used contraception at first sex are much less likely to become teen mothers than teens who did not use birth control the first time they had sex. By the end of their teenage years, girls who used contraception at first sex are about half as likely to have given birth as are girls who did not use contraception. 3

  • A sexually active teenager who doesn't use contraception has a 90% chance of pregnancy within one year. 5

What factors contribute to the early initiation of sex?
Among the most important factors contributing to the initiation of sex are going steady with a girlfriend or boyfriend who is three or more years older, having sexually active peers, having a parent or older sister who gave birth as a teen, and living in a poor community with high unemployment. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Having an older sexual partner:

  • Males involved in teen childbearing are frequently not teenagers themselves. Adult men fathered over 50% of babies born to girls 15-17 years old. 46

  • California statistics indicate that seven in ten births among teenagers are fathered by men older than age 20. 47

Having a parent who gave birth as a teen:

  • Teen girls whose mothers gave birth to their first child in their teens have sex and give birth earlier on average than girls whose mothers were at least 20 years old when they had their first child. 3

Having sexually active peers:

  • Teens who believed that most or all of their friends had ever had sex were much more likely to have sex themselves than teens who thought none or some of their friends had ever had sex 48

Being raised by one parent:

  • Teens who are raised by both parents from birth have lower probabilities of having sex at each age than teens who grew up in any other family situation. 3

What factors decrease the likelihood of teen pregnancy?

  • When students do well in school, do not drop out of school, or have plans for education beyond high school, they are more likely to use contraception if they have sex and less likely to become pregnant. 54 55 56 57

  • At least six sex and HIV education programs have demonstrated their effectiveness at reducing sexual risk-taking behaviors. 58
How many teens are having sex?
  • One quarter of high school freshman girls and just over half (52%) of senior girls have had sex. 3

  • Less than a third (27%) of high school freshman boys and 59% of senior boys have had sex. 3

  • Nearly 9 of 10 students enrolled in alternative high schools have had sex. 4

  • About 1 in 5 young people do not have intercourse while teenagers. 5

How many teens are getting pregnant?

  • At least 40% of all girls get pregnant before they turn 20 years old. 6

  • Approximately 900,000 youths younger than 20 get pregnant every year. 1

How many teen pregnancies are unintended?

  • Seventy-one percent (71%) of pregnancies among teen girls are unintended. 7
Body Image

What contributes to poor body image?

  • Current research suggests that there are many different individual and sociocultural factors that are related to body-image. Some of the key individual factors include high body mass, depression, low self-esteem, and anxiety. Some of the key sociocultural factors include social pressures for and a preoccupation with thinness in our society. Researchers continue to study how these factors relate to one another and how they differ by gender and other characteristics. 63 64

Are women the only ones who suffer from body image problems?

  • No. Current research suggests that both men and women are worried about how their bodies look; however, it is believed that more women than men are affected by body-image concerns. 65

How many people have eating disorders?

  • Approximately 5 million people are estimated to have eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other eating problems). 66
Condoms

What percentage of sexually active teens report using a condom at last intercourse?

Can condom use at first intercourse predict future condom use?

  • In one study, results indicated that a 20-fold increase in lifetime condom use, as well as a 10-fold increase in use at last intercourse, was seen in those using a condom at first intercourse. 25

Can parent-teen communication affect condom use by the teen?

  • Results from the above study indicated that approximately 70% of adolescents have discussed condom use with their mothers and that discussing condoms before first intercourse can increase the likelihood of future use. 25
Contraception

What factors contribute to the use of contraception?
Teens' use of contraception is influenced by their motivation to avoid pregnancy, their knowledge of contraception, their attitude toward contraception and their feelings of self-efficacy in using contraception.

  • Teens who are motivated to avoid pregnancy, believe they would become pregnant if they did not use contraception, have accurate information about contraception, have positive attitudes toward contraception, and believe they can use contraception effectively are more likely to use contraception when they have sex. 49 50 51 52 53

  • Teens with a high self-esteem are more likely to seek information about contraception, have a positive view about birth control, and use contraception when needed. 38

How many adolescents use both contraceptives and condoms concurrently?
One of the Healthy People 2010 objectives recommends that adolescents use hormonal contraceptives and condoms together to prevent pregnancy and STIs. We know that many adolescents use one or the other, but how many use both at the same time?

  • In a nationally representative sample, only 7% of sexually active adolescent females and 5% of males reported having used the two methods in combination. 70

How has adolescent use of condoms, oral contraceptives and the withdrawal method changed in the past decade?

  • From 1991 to 1997, sexually active adolesents increased their use of condoms by 23% (across both genders and all ethnicities), decreased their use of oral contraceptives by 25%, and decreased their use of the withdrawal method by 39%. 71
Controversy in Sex Education

What percentage of Americans support sexuality education in the schools?

  • The majority of Americans — 93% — support sexuality education in high school, and 84% support it for middle-school students. 29

Do Americans think that giving young people information about sexuality is a good idea?

  • Seventy-nine percent (79%) of Americans believe that young people should be given information about sex and sexuality, whether or not they are currently sexually active. Only 12% stated that they think giving information encourages sexuality activity. 29

Do Americans feel that providing contraception information in schools sends a confusing message to youth?

  • Sixty-seven percent (67%) of Americans reject the notion that providing information about contraception in school sends mixed messages to youth. 29

Do Americans think that sexuality is a normal part of youth development?

  • Sixty-three percent (63%) of Americans — including 44% of those who self-define as conservative — believe that sexual exploration among youth is a natural part of development and that providing them with information is the best response. 29
Developmental Disabilities

Do people with disabilities feel satisfied with their social lives?

  • Fifty-one percent (51%) of people with disabilities say that lack of a full social life is a problem for them. 60

How do people with psychiatric disabilities rate their satisfaction in their intimate relationships?

  • According to one study conducted by peer researchers in 1990, 51% of mental health clients said they lacked a satisfying sex life, and 40% said they lacked intimacy and warmth in their relationships. 61

What are the rates of sexual abuse for youth with developmental disabilities?

  • According to one source, 39-68% of girls and 16-30% of boys with developmental disabilities will be sexually assaulted by the age of 18. 62

Faith Communities

Is religion important to most Americans?

  • Eighty-four percent (84%) of American teens and 86% of American adults say that religion is an important part of their lives. 67

Does religion and/or morals affect teens' decisions about sex?

  • Thirty-nine percent (39%) of teens say that morals, values, and/or religious beliefs affect decisions about sex more than any other factor. 67

According to teens and adults, which institutions should be doing more to prevent teen pregnancy?

  • Teens rated "churches and other houses of worship" almost equally with schools, community groups, and local and federal government. Adults rated "churches and other houses of worship" among their top three choices, along with schools and community groups. 67

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youth

Are GLBTQ youth more at risk for violence and abuse than heterosexual youth?

  • GLBTQ youth often face rejection from their families after coming out. Many young people are thrown out of their homes, mistreated, or become the focus of the family's dysfunction. 13

  • Several studies have shown evidence that GLBTQ youth are at a higher risk of suicide than are their heterosexual peers. 13 In one study, gay and bisexual adolescent males were shown to be seven times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers.14

  • A 1995 Safe Schools Coalition study of Seattle public schools found that GLBTQ youth were more than five times more likely than their heterosexual peers to be targets of violence and/or harassment. 15
Girls' Development

Are girls or boys more likely to experience depression?

  • Girls are twice as likely as boys to experience depression during adolescence. Girls are also more likely than boys to seriously consider and attempt suicide. 26

What percentage of girls attempt to lose weight?

  • Sixty percent (60%) of high school girls attempt to lose weight while only 34% consider themselves overweight. In attempts to lose weight, 49% of girls diet, 8% use laxatives or vomit, and 9% use diet pills. 26

What can help girls in their healthy development?

  • Girls' participation in sports is linked to decreased incidences of depression, pregnancy, dropping out of school, and smoking initiation among teenage girls. 27 28
Media Literacy

How prevalent is sexual content on television shows these days?

  • During the 1999-2000 television season, 68% of all shows contained some sexual content. 35

Of shows containing sexual content, how many involve teens?

  • For the 1999-2000 television season, nearly one in ten shows — or nine percent (9%) — contained sexual content involving teens. 35

Of shows containing sexual content, how many contain some reference to risks or responsibilities associated with sexual activity?

  • Among shows with any sexual content (involving teens or adults), only 10% contain references to risks or responsibilities associated with sexual activity. Among shows portraying teens talking about or engaging in sexual intercourse, this number jumps to 32%. 35

Parent/Teen Communication

What does the research say about parent/teen communication?

  • Parents rate high among many teens as trustworthy and preferred sources of information on birth control. One in two teens say they "trust" their parents most for reliable and complete information about birth control. Only 12 percent say they trust a friend for such information. 8

  • Teenagers who have strong emotional attachments to their parents are much less likely to become sexually active at an early age. 9

  • When asked about the reasons why teenage girls have babies, 78 percent of white and 70 percent of African-American teenagers reported that lack of communication between a girl and her parents is often a reason teenage girls have babies. 10
Peers

Does having "high-risk" friends (i.e., friends who engage in risky behavior such as taking drugs) or "low-risk" friends affect the likelihood of sexual debut (first-time intercourse) for girls?

  • A girl whose group of close friends is composed primarily (75% or more) of high-risk friends is twice as likely to initiate intercourse as a girl who has mostly low-risk friends. 59

Does the risk status of a girl's best female and male friends affect the likelihood that she will get pregnant?

  • A girl whose best male friend is considered "high-risk" is twice as likely to get pregnant as a girl whose best male friend is "low-risk." In contrast, having a best female friend who is "high-risk" does not increase the likelihood of pregnancy. 59
Pregnancy Options

What percentage of pregnancies are unintended for women aged 15-19?

  • 81.7% 72

How many states have laws requiring a minor to obtain the consent of, or notify, an adult, typically a parent, before an abortion?

Of the teenage women who become pregnant, what percentage: give birth? choose to have an abortion? miscarry? place children for adoption?

  • 51% give birth.
  • 35% choose to have an abortion.
  • 14% miscarry.
  • 1% place children for adoption. 74
Resiliency

Which of the following group of factors most affects teens' sexual behaviors: school context, family relationships, peer influences or individual sexual experiences?

  • Individual sexual experiences — including motivation and opportunity to have sex — are the most prevalent protective and risk factors for male and female teens, regardless of ethnicity. 36

Does knowing a youth's race/ethnicity, family income level and/or family structure help predict his or her involvement in risky sexual behaviors?

  • Considered jointly, these three factors account for only 10% of the individual differences in sexual behavior among younger teens and 3% of differences among older teens. 36

Does a teen's parent education level influence his or her sexual behaviors?

  • In one study, teens whose parents had not completed high school were two and one-half times more likely to have had sexual intercourse than teens whose parents had graduated from college. 37
Sexual Abuse

What is the connection between sexual abuse and unintended pregnancy?

  • Among one sample of high school students in Washington, sexual abuse is strongly associated with risk for adolescent pregnancy, primarily through the strong association between sexual abuse and high-risk sexual behavior. 11

  • Among college students, women who have been sexually abused before age 18 were at increased risk of having an unintended pregnancy. 12
Sexual Assault

What percentage of women in the US reported being the victims of rape or attempted rape during their lifetime? Of these, what percentage were age 12-17 when first raped?

  • Recent statistics indicate that 18% of women in the US reported that they were victims of rape or attempted rape during their lifetime. Of these, 32% were between the ages of 12 and 17 when first raped. 19

How many men report being raped or sexually assaulted by a current or former partner during their lifetime?

  • Men are also the victims of acquaintance/date rape. Eight percent (8%) reported being raped or sexually assaulted by a current or former partner. 19

What percentage of street youth have experienced forced intercourse?

  • While research indicates that about 22% of adolescents age 15-19 have experienced forced intercourse, the percentage for street youth may be as high as 68%. 20
Sex Ed for 5th and 6th Graders

Do adults in America support sexuality education for elementary school students?

  • In a 1999 public opinion poll, 48% of surveyed adults supported sexuality education for students aged 9-11. For middle- and high-school students, 84% and 93% respectively showed support for sexuality education. 68

How does school policy affect educators' efforts to teach sexuality education?

  • Two out of five teachers say that school policy restricts their ability to answer students' questions pertaining to sexuality, but 62% say that their administrations support their efforts to meet students' needs. 68

What percentage of school districts in the United States require STI (sexually transmitted infection), HIV, and pregnancy prevention education for elementary school students?

  • STI prevention education is required in 39.4% of school districts, HIV prevention in 58.6%, and pregnancy prevention in 24.7% of school districts nationwide. 69
Sexually Transmitted Infections

How many teenagers acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every year?

  • About three million teenagers acquire an STI every year. 16

How many sexually active young people will acquire an STI by age 24?

  • One in three sexually active young people will acquire an STI by age 24. 17

Which age and gender group of Americans have the highest age-specific rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia?

  • 15-19 year-old females have the highest age-specific rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia. 18
Substance Use

What percentage of American teens reported substance use or dependence in 1999?

  • 10.9% reported using an illicit substance in 1999. 21

  • 3.3% reported being dependent on an illicit substance in 1999. 21

Do adolescents think substance use is related to unplanned sex and teen pregnancy?

  • According to the report "Dangerous Liaisons: Substance Use & Sex," 55% of teens polled said unplanned teen pregnancy is due to having sex while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. 22

Can a teen's relationship with his/her parents affect or predict substance use?

  • The risk of substance use for teens who report having an "excellent relationship" with one parent is 25% lower than that of the average teen. The risk of substance use for teens who report excellent relationships with both parents is 40% lower than that of the average teen. 23
Teens with Older Partners

Are teenage girls with older partners more or less likely to become pregnant than those with partners closer in age?

  • Teens with older partners are much more likely to become pregnant. The pregnancy rate for this group is 3.7 times as high as the rate for those whose partners are not more than two years older. 75 76

What percentage of births to teen mothers involve older men?

  • Today, about half of the births to teen mothers involve men ages 20-24, and an additional one-sixth are over age 25. 77

Other Links for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Related Statistics

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References
1 Darroch, J.E. & Singh, S. Why is teenage pregnancy declining? The roles of abstinence, sexual activity and contraceptive use. Occasional Report No. 1, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1999.

2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC surveillance summaries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47 (No. SS-3), 1997.

3 Moore, K.A., et al. A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, March 1998.
4 Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S.A., et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. National Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48 (SS07): 1-44, 1999.
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8 Princeton Survey Research Associates for the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The 1996 Kaiser Family Foundation Survey on Teens and Sex: What Teens Today Say They Need to Know, and Who They Listen To. Menlo Park, CA, June 1996.

9 Blum, R.W., & Rinehart, P.M. Reducing the Risk: Connections That Make a Difference in the Lives of Youth. Minneapolis, MN: Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, 1997.

10 Princeton Survey Research Associates for the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. A Review of Public Opinion About Teen Pregnancy. Washington DC, September 1996.
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13 Savin-Williams, R.C. Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths; associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 62: 261-269, 1994.

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74 www.childtrends.org
75 Planned Parenthood (2004). Fact Sheet: Reducing Teenage Pregnancy & Childbearing Among U.S. Teens.
76 Darroch, J.E., et al. Age differences between sexual partners in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, 31 (4), 160-67, 1999.
77 Landry, D.J. & Forrest, J.D. How old are U.S. fathers? Family Planning Perspectives, 27: 165, 1995.

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