The following aspects of the skill are covered:

• Description of the Skill
• Demonstration of the Skill
• Behavioral Practice of the Skill, and
• Tips

One way to increase self esteem is to become more assertive. Assertiveness is a skill that can help you have more control over what is happening in your life, which can then lead to higher self esteem.

Assertive behaviors include:

• asking for what you want or need
• saying what you are really feeling whether it's positive or negative
• saying "no" to what you don't want

Consider the following three communication styles:

Being passive rather than assertive can leave you feeling depressed and worthless, feeling disrespected, feeling like a "wimp," feeling that you're not in control of your life, feeling frustration, anger, and/or anxiety. Being passive can also hurt your ability to have successful relationships because you aren't able to express your feelings directly and honestly.

Being aggressive rather than assertive can cause others in your life to feel hurt, angry or disrespected, and they might respond aggressively in return. This style can also lead to poor relationships characterized by a lack of communication and high levels of conflict.

• Use assertive body language. Face the other person, stand or sit straight, don't use dismissive gestures, be sure you have a pleasant but serious facial expression, keep your voice calm and clear, not whiny or abrasive.
• Make clear, direct, requests without any hesitation or a lot of explanations. Don't invite the other person to say no.
  
  Example: "Will you please .... ?" instead of "Would you mind ...?" or "Do you think you would be able to ...?"
• Use "I" statements. I feel (emotion) when you (behavior). I would prefer that you (alternate behavior.)
  
  Example: "I feel disrespected when you keep interrupting me. I'd like to be able to finish making my point."
• Stay focused on what you want to change without accusing or blaming the other person.
  
  Example: "I'd like to be able to tell you something without worrying that other people will find out my business" instead of "You're such a gossip!"
• Give someone feedback calmly and respectfully without being aggressive or judgmental.
  
  Example: "It seems like you pull away whenever we have some kind of disagreement" instead of "You think you're so tough, but you're a wimp when it comes to this relationship."
• Take ownership of your own thoughts and feelings.
  
  Example: "I get upset when you go through my things without my permission" instead of "You make me so mad when you go into my room and go through my stuff behind my back."
• Use the broken record technique. Keep repeating your point, using a low level, pleasant voice. Don't get pulled into arguing or trying to explain yourself.
  
  Example: You are trying to buy a CD player that is on sale, and the sales person is trying to sell you one that is more expensive because it has state-of-the-art features, but you know you can't afford the more expensive equipment. Using the broken record, you say, "I want the CD player that's on sale." Then no matter what the clerk says, you keep repeating, "I want the one that's on sale."

Before having youth practice the skill of assertiveness, model three styles of making a request. For example, ask three participants, one at a time, if you can borrow their pen or pencil, changing the style of your request each time. Pay attention to your tone of voice and body language, using them to emphasize the three different styles.

Debrief what you modeled with the group until you're sure that they can distinguish the three styles and that they're clear about assertiveness.

Body Language
To emphasize the importance of body language as a component of assertiveness, have youth assess what their body language is communicating when they are talking. Help them understand that how we say something can be more important than what we say.

1. Review assertive body language:

• Make direct eye contact.
• Keep your back straight and head high (erect posture).
• Speak clearly and audibly.
• Use facial expressions and gestures that add emphasis to your words.
• Avoid passive body language: No eye contact (or indirect evasive eye contact); soft, whiny or muffled voice; cringing/or physically making yourself small (hang-dog posture); use of nervous or childish gestures.
• Avoid aggressive body language: angry staring-eye contact, loud strident voice, invading someone's personal space, pointing your finger, balling your fists, yelling, towering over others.

2. Have youth form triads (small groups of three people) and take turns acting out the following situations:

   General:

• Ask a friend to loan you some money.
• Turn down a friend who wants to borrow something.
• Confront someone who told a lie about you.
• Tell someone that he/she hurt your feelings.
• Thank someone who helped you out of a jam.
• Ask someone to stop bumping into you.
• Turn down a cigarette from a friend at a party.

• Tell your partner that you are not ready to have sex.
• Tell your partner that from now on, you want to use condoms when the two of you have sex.

• Confront your partner about talking about your sex life with others at school. (You want your sex life to be personal and not shared with others.)

In the small groups, have individuals take turns being the speaker, listener, and observer. Observers will give the speakers feedback on their body language including eye contact, facial expressions, posture, tone of voice, etc.

Next have youth identify situations in which they expect a possible confrontation or when they think it will be challenging to tell someone what they're really thinking or feeling. Set up unscripted role-plays to have them practice handling those situations assertively.

Be sure to give feedback to actors after each demonstration so they can recognize what they are doing well and what they can do to be more assertive.

• Encourage youth to rehearse or role play assertive behavior over and over again until their responses become second nature. Reinforcement will increase their likelihood of communicating assertively even in stressful situations.
• Explain that assertiveness is a skill that they will continue to work on and practice throughout their lives. Some situations are harder than others so they must be patient with themselves.
• Create teachable moments by commenting on group members' behavior when you observe them being assertive, aggressive or passive. Of course, reinforce any assertive behavior in the group. Set up opportunities for individuals to "re-write the script" and re-enact the situation with group support if they've been either aggressive or passive.
• During your facilitation of these activities, ask youth how they feel about themselves after they've communicated assertively in different situations. Make the link between assertiveness and self esteem.